From a197a4f4dd0a1786ec2e2376a37a5cea719d238e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: helenclx Date: Tue, 6 Aug 2024 11:52:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Build: (90854ed) Add section for Eleventy --- archive/index.html | 10 + articles/accessible-footnotes/index.html | 733 ++++++++++++++++++ articles/index.html | 3 + .../accessible-footnotes/footnote-sample.avif | Bin 0 -> 20245 bytes categories/32-bit-cafe/index.html | 462 +++++++++++ categories/accessibility/index.html | 462 +++++++++++ categories/css/index.html | 462 +++++++++++ categories/eleventy/index.html | 12 +- categories/html/index.html | 462 +++++++++++ categories/index.html | 22 +- categories/markdown-it/index.html | 462 +++++++++++ changelogs/2024/index.html | 11 + changelogs/index.html | 18 +- changelogs/page/2/index.html | 18 +- changelogs/page/3/index.html | 10 +- changelogs/page/4/index.html | 10 +- changelogs/page/5/index.html | 10 +- changelogs/page/6/index.html | 10 +- changelogs/page/7/index.html | 5 + feed.xml | 228 +++++- index.html | 4 +- links/index.html | 12 +- sitemap/index.html | 3 +- 23 files changed, 3357 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-) create mode 100644 articles/accessible-footnotes/index.html create mode 100644 assets/images/articles/accessible-footnotes/footnote-sample.avif create mode 100644 categories/32-bit-cafe/index.html create mode 100644 categories/accessibility/index.html create mode 100644 categories/css/index.html create mode 100644 categories/html/index.html create mode 100644 categories/markdown-it/index.html diff --git a/archive/index.html b/archive/index.html index 942a6e3a..be52b42d 100644 --- a/archive/index.html +++ b/archive/index.html @@ -426,6 +426,16 @@ drop-shadow(0.1rem 0.1rem 0.2rem rgba(30, 30, 30, 0.8))

6 August 2024

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    + + How I (Tried to) Implement Accessible Footnotes | Articles + + +

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    6 August 2024

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  • diff --git a/articles/accessible-footnotes/index.html b/articles/accessible-footnotes/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c93979d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/articles/accessible-footnotes/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,733 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + How I (Tried to) Implement Accessible Footnotes | Articles | Leilukin's Hub + + + +

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    How I (Tried to) Implement Accessible Footnotes

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    +

    Posted on 6 August 2024 by Leilukin + + +

    Categories: + + 32-bit cafe, + + accessibility, + + html, + + css, + + eleventy, + + markdown-it + +

    + +

    🍿🍿🍿 15 min. read

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    + + + + + + + + + +
    +

    32-Bit Cafe is holding its fifth community code jam, titled "Back to School", from 4 to 17 August 2024. I have been looking forward to participating in 32-Bit Cafe's community code jam for the first time, so I am excited. This motivates me to finally write a how-to article I have been meaning to do for a while: how to implement accessible footnotes on Leilukin's Hub, or at least, I tried to do so to the best of my abilities.

    +

    On 32-Bit Cafe's Discourse forum, I made a post on 28 June 2024 in response to solaria's thread "Handling Citations and/or Footnotes" to share my methods of adding footnotes on my website. Now, I am writing an extended version of that post of mine in the form of this article, so I could share what I learned about web page footnotes on my website as well.

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    (Note: This article assumes a foundational familiarity with HTML and CSS)

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    +

    About Footnotes

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    +

    Plagiarism.org defines footnotes as notes placed at the bottom of a page, and what footnotes do is to cite references or comment on a designated part of the text above it.

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    My use case of footnotes is citing sources of information, particularly citing the same source multiple times on the same page when information from the same source is spread across my page. As of this writing, my website pages that use footnotes include the trivia page of my A Summer’s End — Hong Kong 1986 shrine 1 and the facts page of my Cassette Beasts shrine. You are free to look at the HTML and CSS for reference, including when you are reading this article as I am explaining how I implement the footnotes.

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    Footnotes are used both on print and on the web. However, maintaining footnotes on the web can be tedious, especially if you want to update a web page to add or remove them, since you will need to change the number references of existing footnotes.

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    Attempted to Use CSS Counters

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    When I was searching for how to implement accessible footnotes, I discovered Kitty Giraudel's article, "Accessible Footnotes with CSS" which teaches the method of using the combination of HTML aria-describedby attribute and CSS counters to add numbered references, to reduce the hassle of manually re-numbering all existing footnotes in case you want to update or reorder the references.

    +

    Her article also teaches adding a highlight background colour when heading to a footnote from a reference, as well as providing back links to head back to a reference from a footnote, by using the combination of the backlink Unicode icon (↩) and the HTML aria-label attribute with a value of “Back to content”. The uses of ARIA labels make footnotes more screen reader-friendly.

    +

    Furthermore, Kitty created the eleventy-plugin-footnotes plugintor the static site generator Eleventy, and wrote a blog post about it, "Footnotes in 11ty". Since I already had begun to use Eleventy to build my website, I tried Kitty's plugin.

    +

    Unfortunately, a known limitation of using CSS counter method to generate footnotes is not being able to reference the same footnote multiple times. As I want to be able to reference the same footnote more than once when I am citing sources on my shrine pages, I had to give up the plugin and look for an alternative.

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    Starting with markdown-it-footnote Plugin's Default Footnote Markup

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    Kitty Giraudel's blog post about creating footnotes in Eleventy mentioned markdown-it-footnote, the footnotes plugin for markdown-it Markdown parser, which is integrated in Eleventy by default to convert Markdown to HTML. Kitty commented on the accessibility shortcomings of markdown-it-footnote in the blog post:

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    [...]it’s not super accessible (let alone by default), even considering all the customisation options. That’s because the footnote references end up being numbers (e.g. [1]) which are meaningless when listed or tabbed through because devoid of their surrounding context.

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    +

    That said, since the plugin is customisable, I still wanted to give it a shot to see if I could make configurations to improve its accessibility, so I installed markdown-it-footnote and looked into the plugin's default HTML markup output.

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    Here is a sample of what the HTML markup output of markdown-it-footnote looks like:

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    <p>This is a paragraph with the first footnote reference. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+
+<p>Here is the second paragraph with the second footnote reference. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+
+<p>This the third paragraph, but with a foootnote reference that points to the first footnote. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup></p>
+
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+    <ol class="footnotes-list">
+        <li id="fn1" class="footnote-item">First footnote <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></li>
+        <li id="fn2" class="footnote-item">Second footnote <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></li>
+    </ol>
+</section>
    +

    This is what this HTML markup will look like on a live web page:

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    Web page footnotes sample screenshot

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    What this HTML markup does:

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      +
    • Adding a footnote reference as a superscript by using the <sup> tag with numbers as the content.
      • +
    • Using a <hr> horizontal line element to separate the main body of the page and the footnote section;
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    • Using the <ol> tag to render the footnotes as a numbered list;
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    • Each footnote list item has an id attribute
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    • If a footnote is referenced more than once, the additional footnote references are labelled with colons.
      • +
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    (Note: the class names were added by markdown-it-footnote, but if you do not use it, you can rename the class name to whatever you want, and even if you use markdown-it-footnote, you can still change the class names if you want to go deep into it)

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    Next step is trying to improve this HTML markup by making it accessible.

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    Make markdown-it-footnote's Markup More Accessible

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    Clarify Footnote Reference Labels

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    As pointed out by Kitty Giraudel, labelling the footnote reference as mere numbers like [1] is an accessibility shortcoming, because these reference links become meaningless when being focused on by tabbing through the links, as these reference links would be devoid of context.

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    What I did to tackle this was changing the reference labels by adding a word "Footnote" to clarify that these links are for footnotes. For example, [1] becomes [Footnote #1], so when screen readers focus on a footnote reference link, it will be read out as "Footnote number one link".

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    <sup class="footnote-ref">
+	<a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a>
+</sup>
    +

    Optionally, if you want your footnote labels to still display only numbers on screen, you can use a CSS class to visually hide the extra characters in the footnote label. This .visually-hidden utility class is a useful tool in your arsenal for accessible web design, as it is often used to hide a content that you do not mean to show on screen, but you still want it to be read by assistive technology.

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    .visually-hidden {
+    clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
+    clip-path: inset(50%);
+    height: 1px;
+    overflow: hidden;
+    position: absolute;
+    white-space: nowrap;
+    width: 1px;
+}
    +

    To make my footnote reference labels display only a number on screen, I use a span tag with visually-hidden as the value of the class attribute to wrap around "Footnote #", so on screen, [Footnote #1] is changed to [1].

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    <sup class="footnote-ref">
+	<a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">
+		[<span class="visually-hidden">Footnote #</span>1]
+	</a>
+</sup>
    +
    + +
    +

    Next step is adding an ARIA label to the footnote backlinks, by adding an aria-label attribute with "Back to reference #[Insert reference number]" as its value. For example:

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    <a aria-label="Back to reference #1" href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a>
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    When a footnote back link is focused on via tabbing, screen readers will read it out as "Back to reference number one link".

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    Add Heading to Footnote Section

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    To make it clear that the section is for footnotes, I add a HTML heading before the list of footnotes, such as:

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    <h2>Footnotes</h2>
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    Final HTML Markup for Accessible Footnotes

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    Here is my final HTML markup sample to create accessible footnotes:

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    <p>This is a paragraph with the first footnote reference. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[<span class="visually-hidden">Footnote #</span>1]</a></sup></p>
+
+<p>Here is the second paragraph with the second footnote reference. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[<span class="visually-hidden">Footnote #</span>2]</a></sup></p>
+
+<p>This the third paragraph, but with a foootnote reference that points to the first footnote. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[<span class="visually-hidden">Footnote #</span>1:1]</a></sup></p>
+
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+	<h2>Footnotes</h2>
+    <ol class="footnotes-list">
+        <li id="fn1" class="footnote-item">
+	        First footnote
+	        <a aria-label="Back to reference #1" href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a>
+	        <a aria-label="Back to reference #1:1" href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a>
+	    </li>
+        <li id="fn2" class="footnote-item">
+	        Second footnote
+	        <a aria-label="Back to reference #2" href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a>
+	    </li>
+    </ol>
+</section>
    +

    As for the CSS, in addition to using the .visually-hidden utility class, I refer to Kitty Giraudel's "Accessible Footnotes with CSS" article to style the highlight background color when heading to a footnote from a reference.

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    Configure markdown-it-footnote in Eleventy's Configuration File

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    (If you do not use Eleventy, you may skip this section)

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    My final step was to configure the markdown-it-footnote plugin, by editing Eleventy's configuration file (I named mine eleventy.config.js), so the plugin would render my accessible footnote HTML markup.

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    // markdown-it plugins
+const markdownIt = require("markdown-it");
+const markdownItFootnote = require("markdown-it-footnote");
+let markdownLibrary;
+
+module.exports = function (eleventyConfig) {
+    /* Markdown Overrides */
+    markdownLibrary = markdownIt({
+        html: true,
+    }).use(markdownItFootnote);
+
+    // Configure markdown-it-footnote
+    markdownLibrary.renderer.rules.footnote_block_open = () => (
+        '<hr class="footnotes-sep">\n' +
+        '<section class="footnotes">\n' +
+        `<h2>Footnotes</h2>\n`
+    );
+
+    markdownLibrary.renderer.rules.footnote_anchor = (tokens, idx, options, env, slf) => {
+        let id = slf.rules.footnote_anchor_name(tokens, idx, options, env, slf);
+
+        if (tokens[idx].meta.subId > 0) id += `:${tokens[idx].meta.subId}`;
+
+        /* ↩ with escape code to prevent display as Apple Emoji on iOS */
+        return ` <a aria-label="Back to reference #${id}" href="#fnref${id}" class="footnote-backref">\u21a9\uFE0E</a>`;
+    };
+
+    const renderRules = {
+        footnote_caption: ['[', '[<span class="visually-hidden">Footnote #</span>'],
+    };
+    Object.keys(renderRules).map(rule => {
+        let defaultRender = markdownLibrary.renderer.rules[rule];
+        markdownLibrary.renderer.rules[rule] = (tokens, idx, options, env, self) => {
+            return defaultRender(tokens, idx, options, env, self).replace(...renderRules[rule]);
+        }
+    });
+
+    /* This is the part that tells 11ty to swap to our custom config */
+    eleventyConfig.setLibrary("md", markdownLibrary);
+}
    +

    If you are a fellow Eleventy user, feel free to borrow my markdown-it-footnote configurations in your own. Make sure you install markdown-it-footnote first by keying in the installation command in the terminal:

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    npm install markdown-it-footnote --save
    +
    +

    Bonus: Alternatives to Footnotes

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    +

    As you likely have realised, footnotes are really tricky to implement on web pages, so you may be wondering: is there any alternative to footnotes?

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    For extra comments and tangents, by favourite approach is using HTML's details disclosure element with the <details> tag, with a <summary> element and a sibling element wrapping the content displayed when the disclosure is expanded.

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    I have been using the disclosure element for additional comments or information on this website, like in my blog post, "My Cassette Beasts Fanlisting Application has been Approved". As for the styling, initially I indented the content inside the disclosure to differentiate the disclosure content from the rest of the content of the page, but recently I switched to adding top and bottom borders after being inspired by Starbreaker's website, who also has a post about footnotes, "Footnotes: No Fun to Create, Either".

    +
    + More ways to use <details> and <summary> elements +

    <details> and <summary> have become among my favourite HTML elements due to how useful they are. In addition to extra comments and info, Leilukin's Hub has also used the elements for the following purposes:

    + +
    +
    +

    As for citing sources, the simplest way would be naming and linking to the source in the main text of your page, though it does mean you may end up repeating the title of the source if you want to attribute to it more than once on your page. This was once the approach of my shrine pages, though I found the pages looked rather cluttered, so I eventually chose to use markdown-it-footnote alongside Eleventy.

    +
    +

    Wrapping Up

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    Creating and maintaining footnotes on web pages is tricky, so I hope my article about accessible footnotes is helpful if you want to create them.

    + + + +
    + + + + + + +     +
    + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/articles/index.html b/articles/index.html index c3d52a2d..6b41c8fb 100644 --- a/articles/index.html +++ b/articles/index.html @@ -462,6 +462,9 @@ drop-shadow(0.1rem 0.1rem 0.2rem rgba(30, 30, 30, 0.8))

  • Palestine Masterlist

    19 June 2024

    +
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    How I (Tried to) Implement Accessible Footnotes

    +

    6 August 2024

    • My Articles for Video Games with Their Own Pages

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    1 Contents Filed Under "eleventy"

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      + + How I (Tried to) Implement Accessible Footnotes | Articles + + +

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      6 August 2024

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    • diff --git a/categories/html/index.html b/categories/html/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..344e0e4f --- /dev/null +++ b/categories/html/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,462 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Content Category: "html" | Leilukin's Hub + + + +

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    • 32-bit cafe (1)
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      Latest Changelogs

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      6 August 2024

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      2 August 2024

      • Added my first publicly released code snippet on this website: Responsive Disability Pride Flag CSS Background.
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      +
        +
      • Convert most of the images on this website to AVIF format to reduce file size and save bandwidth.
        • +
      • Improve my status.cafe widget: +
          +
        • Write local JavaScript code to fetch data from status.cafe.
          • +
        • Display a loading message before the data fetch request is completed.
          • +
        • Display an error message if the data fetching fails.
          • +
        • Add a link to my status.cafe profile below the widget.
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      7 June 2024

      • Update Leilukin's Hub's site button. This time, I made my site button myself by using Adobe Photoshop CS5.
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      • The HTML, CSS and JavaScript of entire website has been rewritten to improve the site's layout! See the June 2023 Layout Rewrite for more information!
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      3 October 2022

      • Added banner images for each of my KotOR 1 mods and KotOR 2 mods.
        • diff --git a/feed.xml b/feed.xml index 34a86df0..1bfb49cd 100644 --- a/feed.xml +++ b/feed.xml @@ -4,13 +4,213 @@ Leilukin's personal website. - 2024-08-06T05:50:02Z + 2024-08-06T11:52:37Z https://leilukin.com/ Leilukin contact@leilukin.com + + Changelog: 6 August 2024 + + 2024-08-06T00:00:00Z + https://leilukin.com/ + <ul> +<li>New article: <a href="https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes">How I (Tried to) Implement Accessible Footnotes</a>, which is also my entry for <a href="https://32bit.cafe/">32-Bit Cafe</a>'s <a href="https://32bit.cafe/~xandra/events/codejam5/">Community Code Jam #5: Back to School</a>.</li> +</ul> + + + + + How I (Tried to) Implement Accessible Footnotes | Articles + + 2024-08-06T00:00:00Z + https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes/ + <p><a href="https://32bit.cafe/">32-Bit Cafe</a> is holding its fifth community code jam, titled <a href="https://32bit.cafe/~xandra/events/codejam5/">&quot;Back to School&quot;</a>, from 4 to 17 August 2024. I have been looking forward to participating in 32-Bit Cafe's community code jam for the first time, so I am excited. This motivates me to finally write a how-to article I have been meaning to do for a while: how to implement accessible footnotes on Leilukin's Hub, or at least, I tried to do so to the best of my abilities.</p> +<p>On <a href="https://discourse.32bit.cafe/">32-Bit Cafe's Discourse forum</a>, I made a <a href="https://discourse.32bit.cafe/t/handling-citations-and-or-footnotes/1061/2?u=leilukin">post on 28 June 2024</a> in response to <a href="https://solaria.neocities.org/">solaria</a>'s thread <a href="https://discourse.32bit.cafe/t/handling-citations-and-or-footnotes/1061">&quot;Handling Citations and/or Footnotes&quot;</a> to share my methods of adding footnotes on my website. Now, I am writing an extended version of that post of mine in the form of this article, so I could share what I learned about web page footnotes on my website as well.</p> +<p>(Note: This article assumes a foundational familiarity with HTML and CSS)</p> +<div class="heading-wrapper h2"> +<h2 id="about-footnotes">About Footnotes</h2> +<a class="heading-anchor" href="https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes/#about-footnotes" aria-labelledby="about-footnotes"><span hidden="">#</span></a></div> +<p>Plagiarism.org <a href="https://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-are-footnotes">defines footnotes</a> as notes placed at the bottom of a page, and what footnotes do is to cite references or comment on a designated part of the text above it.</p> +<p>My use case of footnotes is citing sources of information, particularly citing the same source multiple times on the same page when information from the same source is spread across my page. As of this writing, my website pages that use footnotes include the <a href="https://leilukin.com/shrines/asummersend/trivia/">trivia page of my <cite>A Summer’s End — Hong Kong 1986</cite> shrine 1</a> and the <a href="https://leilukin.com/shrines/cassettebeasts/facts/">facts page of my <cite>Cassette Beasts</cite> shrine</a>. You are free to look at the HTML and CSS for reference, including when you are reading this article as I am explaining how I implement the footnotes.</p> +<p>Footnotes are used both on print and on the web. However, maintaining footnotes on the web can be tedious, especially if you want to update a web page to add or remove them, since you will need to change the number references of existing footnotes.</p> +<div class="heading-wrapper h2"> +<h2 id="attempted-to-use-css-counters">Attempted to Use CSS Counters</h2> +<a class="heading-anchor" href="https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes/#attempted-to-use-css-counters" aria-labelledby="attempted-to-use-css-counters"><span hidden="">#</span></a></div> +<p>When I was searching for how to implement accessible footnotes, I discovered <a href="https://kittygiraudel.com/">Kitty Giraudel</a>'s article, <a href="https://www.sitepoint.com/accessible-footnotes-css/">&quot;Accessible Footnotes with CSS&quot;</a> which teaches the method of using the combination of HTML <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/ARIA/Attributes/aria-describedby"><code>aria-describedby</code></a> attribute and <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_counter_styles/Using_CSS_counters">CSS counters</a> to add numbered references, to reduce the hassle of manually re-numbering all existing footnotes in case you want to update or reorder the references.</p> +<p>Her article also teaches adding a highlight background colour when heading to a footnote from a reference, as well as providing back links to head back to a reference from a footnote, by using the combination of the backlink Unicode icon (↩) and the HTML <code>aria-label</code> attribute with a value of “Back to content”. The uses of ARIA labels make footnotes more screen reader-friendly.</p> +<p>Furthermore, Kitty created the <a href="https://github.com/KittyGiraudel/eleventy-plugin-footnotes">eleventy-plugin-footnotes plugin</a>tor the static site generator <a href="https://www.11ty.dev/">Eleventy</a>, and wrote a blog post about it, <a href="https://kittygiraudel.com/2020/12/02/footnotes-in-11ty/">&quot;Footnotes in 11ty&quot;</a>. Since I already had begun to <a href="https://leilukin.com/blog/posts/2024-04-21-april-2024-leilukins-hub-overhaul-with-eleventy">use Eleventy to build my website</a>, I tried Kitty's plugin.</p> +<p>Unfortunately, a known limitation of using CSS counter method to generate footnotes is <a href="https://github.com/KittyGiraudel/eleventy-plugin-footnotes/issues/83">not being able to reference the same footnote multiple times</a>. As I want to be able to reference the same footnote more than once when I am citing sources on my shrine pages, I had to give up the plugin and look for an alternative.</p> +<div class="heading-wrapper h2"> +<h2 id="starting-with-markdown-it-footnote-plugins-default-footnote-markup">Starting with markdown-it-footnote Plugin's Default Footnote Markup</h2> +<a class="heading-anchor" href="https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes/#starting-with-markdown-it-footnote-plugins-default-footnote-markup" aria-labelledby="starting-with-markdown-it-footnote-plugins-default-footnote-markup"><span hidden="">#</span></a></div> +<p>Kitty Giraudel's blog post about creating footnotes in Eleventy mentioned <a href="https://github.com/markdown-it/markdown-it-footnote">markdown-it-footnote</a>, the footnotes plugin for <a href="https://github.com/markdown-it/markdown-it">markdown-it</a> Markdown parser, which is integrated in Eleventy by default to convert Markdown to HTML. Kitty commented on the accessibility shortcomings of markdown-it-footnote in the blog post:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>[...]it’s not super accessible (let alone by default), even considering all the customisation options. That’s because the footnote references end up being numbers (e.g. [1]) which are meaningless when listed or tabbed through because devoid of their surrounding context.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>That said, since the plugin is customisable, I still wanted to give it a shot to see if I could make configurations to improve its accessibility, so I installed markdown-it-footnote and looked into the plugin's default HTML markup output.</p> +<p>Here is a sample of what the HTML markup output of markdown-it-footnote looks like:</p> +<pre class="language-html" tabindex="0"><code class="language-html"><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>This is a paragraph with the first footnote reference. <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>sup</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-ref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fn1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>fnref1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>[1]<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>sup</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + +<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>Here is the second paragraph with the second footnote reference. <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>sup</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-ref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fn2<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>fnref2<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>[2]<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>sup</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + +<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>This the third paragraph, but with a foootnote reference that points to the first footnote. <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>sup</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-ref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fn1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>fnref1:1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>[1:1]<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>sup</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + +<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>hr</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnotes-sep<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> +<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>section</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnotes<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>ol</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnotes-list<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>li</span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>fn1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-item<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>First footnote <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fnref1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-backref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>↩︎<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fnref1:1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-backref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>↩︎<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>li</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>li</span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>fn2<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-item<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>Second footnote <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fnref2<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-backref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>↩︎<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>li</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>ol</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> +<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>section</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span></code></pre> +<p>This is what this HTML markup will look like on a live web page:</p> +<p><img src="https://leilukin.com/assets/images/articles/accessible-footnotes/footnote-sample.avif" alt="Web page footnotes sample screenshot" /></p> +<p>What this HTML markup does:</p> +<ul> +<li>Adding a footnote reference as a superscript by using the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/sup"><code>&lt;sup&gt;</code></a> tag with numbers as the content.</li> +<li>Using a <code>&lt;hr&gt;</code> horizontal line element to separate the main body of the page and the footnote section;</li> +<li>Using the <code>&lt;ol&gt;</code> tag to render the footnotes as a numbered list;</li> +<li>Each footnote list item has an <code>id</code> attribute</li> +<li>If a footnote is referenced more than once, the additional footnote references are labelled with colons.</li> +</ul> +<p>(Note: the class names were added by markdown-it-footnote, but if you do not use it, you can rename the class name to whatever you want, and even if you use markdown-it-footnote, you can still change the class names if you want to go deep into it)</p> +<p>Next step is trying to improve this HTML markup by making it accessible.</p> +<div class="heading-wrapper h2"> +<h2 id="make-markdown-it-footnotes-markup-more-accessible">Make markdown-it-footnote's Markup More Accessible</h2> +<a class="heading-anchor" href="https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes/#make-markdown-it-footnotes-markup-more-accessible" aria-labelledby="make-markdown-it-footnotes-markup-more-accessible"><span hidden="">#</span></a></div> +<div class="heading-wrapper h3"> +<h3 id="clarify-footnote-reference-labels">Clarify Footnote Reference Labels</h3> +<a class="heading-anchor" href="https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes/#clarify-footnote-reference-labels" aria-labelledby="clarify-footnote-reference-labels"><span hidden="">#</span></a></div> +<p>As pointed out by Kitty Giraudel, labelling the footnote reference as mere numbers like [1] is an accessibility shortcoming, because these reference links become meaningless when being focused on by tabbing through the links, as these reference links would be devoid of context.</p> +<p>What I did to tackle this was changing the reference labels by adding a word &quot;Footnote&quot; to clarify that these links are for footnotes. For example, [1] becomes [Footnote #1], so when screen readers focus on a footnote reference link, it will be read out as &quot;Footnote number one link&quot;.</p> +<pre class="language-html" tabindex="0"><code class="language-html"><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>sup</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-ref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fn1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>fnref1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>[1]<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> +<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>sup</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span></code></pre> +<p>Optionally, if you want your footnote labels to still display only numbers on screen, you can use a CSS class to <a href="https://www.a11yproject.com/posts/how-to-hide-content/">visually hide</a> the extra characters in the footnote label. This <code>.visually-hidden</code> utility class is a useful tool in your arsenal for accessible web design, as it is often used to hide a content that you do not mean to show on screen, but you still want it to be read by assistive technology.</p> +<pre class="language-css" tabindex="0"><code class="language-css"><span class="token selector">.visually-hidden</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> + <span class="token property">clip</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token function">rect</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0 0 0 0<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> + <span class="token property">clip-path</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token function">inset</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>50%<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> + <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 1px<span class="token punctuation">;</span> + <span class="token property">overflow</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> hidden<span class="token punctuation">;</span> + <span class="token property">position</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> absolute<span class="token punctuation">;</span> + <span class="token property">white-space</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> nowrap<span class="token punctuation">;</span> + <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 1px<span class="token punctuation">;</span> +<span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre> +<p>To make my footnote reference labels display only a number on screen, I use a <code>span</code> tag with <code>visually-hidden</code> as the value of the <code>class</code> attribute to wrap around &quot;Footnote #&quot;, so on screen, [Footnote #1] is changed to [1].</p> +<pre class="language-html" tabindex="0"><code class="language-html"><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>sup</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-ref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fn1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>fnref1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + [<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>span</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>visually-hidden<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>Footnote #<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>span</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>1] + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> +<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>sup</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span></code></pre> +<div class="heading-wrapper h3"> +<h3 id="add-aria-label-to-footnote-back-links">Add ARIA Label to Footnote Back Links</h3> +<a class="heading-anchor" href="https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes/#add-aria-label-to-footnote-back-links" aria-labelledby="add-aria-label-to-footnote-back-links"><span hidden="">#</span></a></div> +<p>Next step is adding an ARIA label to the footnote backlinks, by adding an <code>aria-label</code> attribute with &quot;Back to reference #[Insert reference number]&quot; as its value. For example:</p> +<pre class="language-html" tabindex="0"><code class="language-html"><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">aria-label</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>Back to reference #1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fnref1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-backref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>↩︎<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span></code></pre> +<p>When a footnote back link is focused on via tabbing, screen readers will read it out as &quot;Back to reference number one link&quot;.</p> +<div class="heading-wrapper h3"> +<h3 id="add-heading-to-footnote-section">Add Heading to Footnote Section</h3> +<a class="heading-anchor" href="https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes/#add-heading-to-footnote-section" aria-labelledby="add-heading-to-footnote-section"><span hidden="">#</span></a></div> +<p>To make it clear that the section is for footnotes, I add a HTML heading before the list of footnotes, such as:</p> +<pre class="language-html" tabindex="0"><code class="language-html"><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>h2</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>Footnotes<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>h2</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span></code></pre> +<div class="heading-wrapper h2"> +<h2 id="final-html-markup-for-accessible-footnotes">Final HTML Markup for Accessible Footnotes</h2> +<a class="heading-anchor" href="https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes/#final-html-markup-for-accessible-footnotes" aria-labelledby="final-html-markup-for-accessible-footnotes"><span hidden="">#</span></a></div> +<p>Here is my final HTML markup sample to create accessible footnotes:</p> +<pre class="language-html" tabindex="0"><code class="language-html"><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>This is a paragraph with the first footnote reference. <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>sup</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-ref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fn1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>fnref1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>[<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>span</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>visually-hidden<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>Footnote #<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>span</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>1]<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>sup</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + +<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>Here is the second paragraph with the second footnote reference. <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>sup</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-ref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fn2<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>fnref2<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>[<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>span</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>visually-hidden<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>Footnote #<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>span</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>2]<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>sup</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + +<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>This the third paragraph, but with a foootnote reference that points to the first footnote. <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>sup</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-ref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fn1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>fnref1:1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>[<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>span</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>visually-hidden<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>Footnote #<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>span</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>1:1]<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>sup</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + +<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>hr</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnotes-sep<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> +<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>section</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnotes<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>h2</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>Footnotes<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>h2</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>ol</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnotes-list<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>li</span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>fn1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-item<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + First footnote + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">aria-label</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>Back to reference #1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fnref1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-backref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>↩︎<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">aria-label</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>Back to reference #1:1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fnref1:1<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-backref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>↩︎<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>li</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>li</span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>fn2<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-item<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + Second footnote + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">aria-label</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>Back to reference #2<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>#fnref2<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>footnote-backref<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>↩︎<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>li</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> + <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>ol</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> +<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>section</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span></code></pre> +<p>As for the CSS, in addition to using the <code>.visually-hidden</code> utility class, I refer to Kitty Giraudel's <a href="https://www.sitepoint.com/accessible-footnotes-css/">&quot;Accessible Footnotes with CSS&quot;</a> article to style the highlight background color when heading to a footnote from a reference.</p> +<div class="heading-wrapper h2"> +<h2 id="configure-markdown-it-footnote-in-eleventys-configuration-file">Configure markdown-it-footnote in Eleventy's Configuration File</h2> +<a class="heading-anchor" href="https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes/#configure-markdown-it-footnote-in-eleventys-configuration-file" aria-labelledby="configure-markdown-it-footnote-in-eleventys-configuration-file"><span hidden="">#</span></a></div> +<p>(If you do not use Eleventy, you may skip this section)</p> +<p>My final step was to configure the markdown-it-footnote plugin, by editing Eleventy's configuration file (I named mine <code>eleventy.config.js</code>), so the plugin would render my accessible footnote HTML markup.</p> +<pre class="language-js" tabindex="0"><code class="language-js"><span class="token comment">// markdown-it plugins</span> +<span class="token keyword">const</span> markdownIt <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">require</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"markdown-it"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> +<span class="token keyword">const</span> markdownItFootnote <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">require</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"markdown-it-footnote"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> +<span class="token keyword">let</span> markdownLibrary<span class="token punctuation">;</span> + +module<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function-variable function">exports</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter">eleventyConfig</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> + <span class="token comment">/* Markdown Overrides */</span> + markdownLibrary <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">markdownIt</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span> + <span class="token literal-property property">html</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> + <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">use</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>markdownItFootnote<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> + + <span class="token comment">// Configure markdown-it-footnote</span> + markdownLibrary<span class="token punctuation">.</span>renderer<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rules<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function-variable function">footnote_block_open</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span> + <span class="token string">'&lt;hr class="footnotes-sep">\n'</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> + <span class="token string">'&lt;section class="footnotes">\n'</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> + <span class="token template-string"><span class="token template-punctuation string">`</span><span class="token string">&lt;h2>Footnotes&lt;/h2>\n</span><span class="token template-punctuation string">`</span></span> + <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> + + markdownLibrary<span class="token punctuation">.</span>renderer<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rules<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function-variable function">footnote_anchor</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter">tokens<span class="token punctuation">,</span> idx<span class="token punctuation">,</span> options<span class="token punctuation">,</span> env<span class="token punctuation">,</span> slf</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> + <span class="token keyword">let</span> id <span class="token operator">=</span> slf<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rules<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">footnote_anchor_name</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tokens<span class="token punctuation">,</span> idx<span class="token punctuation">,</span> options<span class="token punctuation">,</span> env<span class="token punctuation">,</span> slf<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> + + <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>tokens<span class="token punctuation">[</span>idx<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>meta<span class="token punctuation">.</span>subId <span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> id <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token template-string"><span class="token template-punctuation string">`</span><span class="token string">:</span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation">${</span>tokens<span class="token punctuation">[</span>idx<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>meta<span class="token punctuation">.</span>subId<span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token template-punctuation string">`</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> + + <span class="token comment">/* ↩ with escape code to prevent display as Apple Emoji on iOS */</span> + <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token template-string"><span class="token template-punctuation string">`</span><span class="token string"> &lt;a aria-label="Back to reference #</span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation">${</span>id<span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">" href="#fnref</span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation">${</span>id<span class="token interpolation-punctuation punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">" class="footnote-backref">\u21a9\uFE0E&lt;/a></span><span class="token template-punctuation string">`</span></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> + <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> + + <span class="token keyword">const</span> renderRules <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> + <span class="token literal-property property">footnote_caption</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'['</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'[&lt;span class="visually-hidden">Footnote #&lt;/span>'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> + <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> + Object<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">keys</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>renderRules<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">map</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter">rule</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> + <span class="token keyword">let</span> defaultRender <span class="token operator">=</span> markdownLibrary<span class="token punctuation">.</span>renderer<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rules<span class="token punctuation">[</span>rule<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> + markdownLibrary<span class="token punctuation">.</span>renderer<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rules<span class="token punctuation">[</span>rule<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter">tokens<span class="token punctuation">,</span> idx<span class="token punctuation">,</span> options<span class="token punctuation">,</span> env<span class="token punctuation">,</span> self</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> + <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token function">defaultRender</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tokens<span class="token punctuation">,</span> idx<span class="token punctuation">,</span> options<span class="token punctuation">,</span> env<span class="token punctuation">,</span> self<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">replace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">...</span>renderRules<span class="token punctuation">[</span>rule<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> + <span class="token punctuation">}</span> + <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> + + <span class="token comment">/* This is the part that tells 11ty to swap to our custom config */</span> + eleventyConfig<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setLibrary</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"md"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> markdownLibrary<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> +<span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre> +<p>If you are a fellow Eleventy user, feel free to borrow my markdown-it-footnote configurations in your own. Make sure you install markdown-it-footnote first by keying in the installation command in the terminal:</p> +<pre class="language-powershell" tabindex="0"><code class="language-powershell">npm install markdown-it-footnote <span class="token operator">--</span>save</code></pre> +<div class="heading-wrapper h2"> +<h2 id="bonus-alternatives-to-footnotes">Bonus: Alternatives to Footnotes</h2> +<a class="heading-anchor" href="https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes/#bonus-alternatives-to-footnotes" aria-labelledby="bonus-alternatives-to-footnotes"><span hidden="">#</span></a></div> +<p>As you likely have realised, footnotes are really tricky to implement on web pages, so you may be wondering: is there any alternative to footnotes?</p> +<p>For extra comments and tangents, by favourite approach is using HTML's details disclosure element with the <code>&lt;details&gt;</code> tag, with a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/summary"><code>&lt;summary&gt;</code></a> element and a sibling element wrapping the content displayed when the disclosure is expanded.</p> +<p>I have been using the disclosure element for additional comments or information on this website, like in my blog post, <a href="https://leilukin.com/blog/posts/2024-06-24-cassette-beasts-fanlisting-approved/">&quot;My Cassette Beasts Fanlisting Application has been Approved&quot;</a>. As for the styling, initially I indented the content inside the disclosure to differentiate the disclosure content from the rest of the content of the page, but recently I switched to adding top and bottom borders after being inspired by <a href="https://starbreaker.org/">Starbreaker</a>'s website, who also has a post about footnotes, <a href="https://starbreaker.org/blog/tech/footnotes-no-fun-to-create-either/index.html">&quot;Footnotes: No Fun to Create, Either&quot;</a>.</p> +<details class="content-disclosure"> + <summary class="content-disclosure__summary">More ways to use <code>&lt;details&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;summary&gt;</code> elements</summary> + <div class="content-disclosure__content"><p><code>&lt;details&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;summary&gt;</code> have become among my favourite HTML elements due to how useful they are. In addition to extra comments and info, Leilukin's Hub has also used the elements for the following purposes:</p> +<ul> +<li>Hiding spoilers, like in my <cite>Cassette Beasts</cite> shrine article, <a href="https://leilukin.com/shrines/cassettebeasts/articles/cassette-beasts-more-than-a-pokemon-clone/">&quot;How Cassette Beasts is Much More than a Pokémon Clone&quot;</a></li> +<li>Content warnings, like in my <a href="https://leilukin.com/shrines/asummersend/gallery/"><cite>A Summer’s End — Hong Kong 1986</cite> shrine's gallery page</a>, with its styling being inspired by another Kitty Giraudel's blog post, <a href="https://kittygiraudel.com/2022/09/04/a-content-warning-component/">&quot;A content warning component&quot;</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + </details> +<p>As for citing sources, the simplest way would be naming and linking to the source in the main text of your page, though it does mean you may end up repeating the title of the source if you want to attribute to it more than once on your page. This was once the approach of my shrine pages, though I found the pages looked rather cluttered, so I eventually chose to use markdown-it-footnote alongside Eleventy.</p> +<div class="heading-wrapper h2"> +<h2 id="wrapping-up">Wrapping Up</h2> +<a class="heading-anchor" href="https://leilukin.com/articles/accessible-footnotes/#wrapping-up" aria-labelledby="wrapping-up"><span hidden="">#</span></a></div> +<p>Creating and maintaining footnotes on web pages is tricky, so I hope my article about accessible footnotes is helpful if you want to create them.</p> + + + Changelog: 2 August 2024 @@ -327,32 +527,6 @@ <ul> <li>Leilukin's Hub now has a tumbleblog at <a href="https://tumbleblog.leilukin.com/">tumbleblog.leilukin.com</a>! Read the latest blog post to learn more: <a href="https://leilukin.com/blog/posts/2024-06-21-leilukins-hub-tumbleblog-launched">Leilukin's Hub Tumbleblog Launched</a>.</li> </ul> - - - - - Leilukin's Hub Tumbleblog Launched | Blog - - 2024-06-21T00:00:00Z - https://leilukin.com/blog/posts/2024-06-21-leilukins-hub-tumbleblog-launched/ - <p>Leilukin's Hub now has a <a href="https://jaypeeonline.net/internet/tumbleblogs/">tumbleblog</a> at <a href="https://tumbleblog.leilukin.com/">tumbleblog.leilukin.com</a>!</p> -<p>I have been considering the idea of creating a microblog or tumbleblog for my website. The main site of <a href="https://leilukin.com/">Leilukin's Hub</a> already has a <a href="https://leilukin.com/blog/">blog</a>, but I also want another blog for shorter or more casual posts to document my thoughts and various stuff I find interesting or inspirational, especially ones that I am not sure how or where to put in the main site of Leilukin's Hub yet.</p> -<p>Tumblr has served me adequately for this purpose, which is one of the reasons it remains the social media platform I am the most active on since 2011 (yes, this means I have been on Tumblr for 13 years at this point). However, one of the reasons I eventually decided to create my own website was to not relying on social media to share my creations and interests. Therefore, an ideal Tumblr-style microblog for Leilukin's Hub would be self-hosted and sharing the same domain name of <code>leilukin.com</code>. After struggling to figure out how to implement a tumbleblog for Leilukin's Hub, I finally discovered the ideal blogging engine for my needs: <a href="https://chyrplite.net/">Chyrp Lite</a>.</p> -<p>Chyrp Lite has everything I am looking for to build a self-hosted Tumblr-style blog. The website explicitly states that you can have a tumbleblog with the blogging engine, with feathers that allow you to make not only text posts, but also image posts, audio posts, video posts, quote posts, link posts and even posts with files attached to allow visitors to download. Chyrp Lite is written in PHP, so it cannot be hosted on platforms that support static sites only, such as Neocities, GitHub Pages, Netlify (which is where <code>leilukin.com</code> is currently hosted on), etc. This is where <a href="https://www.infinityfree.com/">InfinityFree</a> came in.</p> -<p>InfinityFree is among the few hosting platforms that provides PHP and MySQL support for free, so I had created an InfinityFree account to start learning about PHP, even before discovering Chyrp Lite. In addition, InfinityFree supports custom domain without additional charges, so I have also added the <code>leilukin.com</code> domain name to my InfinityFree account, in case I need to host something with PHP and want to use a subdomain of <code>leilukin.com</code> for it. Now, I got to make use of what I learned to build this tumbleblog for Leilukin's Hub.</p> -<p>I started with adding a <code>tumbleblog.leilukin.com</code> custom subdomain to InfinityFree, configuring the DNS records on Porkbun (which manages the <code>leilukin.com</code> domain name), and requesting a free SSL certificate from InfinityFree to add HTTPS support to this blog. After making sure the <code>tumbleblog.leilukin.com</code> subdomain is ready, I followed the <a href="https://chyrplite.net/wiki/Quick-Start-Guide.html">Quick Start Guide</a> to set up Chyrp Lite, by uploading the blogging engine's files to InfinityFree with FTP, creating a MySQL database for this tumbleblog, and installing Chyrp Lite into my InfinityFree server. At last, I successfully installed Chyrp Lite on InfinityFree.</p> -<p>Leilukin's Hub Tumbleblog is now officially launched! 🥳</p> - - - - - Changelog: 19 June 2024 - - 2024-06-19T00:00:00Z - https://leilukin.com/ - <ul> -<li>Add new article: <a href="https://leilukin.com/articles/palestine-masterlist">Palestine Masterlist</a>.</li> -</ul> \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index 2d3b453a..f5aeaebf 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -424,9 +424,9 @@ drop-shadow(0.1rem 0.1rem 0.2rem rgba(30, 30, 30, 0.8))

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